Present
Lihan Taifun (teaching)
AelKennyr Rhiano
Rhûn Darkmoon
Shawn Daysleeper
The three cases we looked at before marked parts of a sentence. Now we come to cases for situations that, in English, would use a preposition.
Remember “Nolë marë Alqualondessë. (Nolë lives in Alqualondë.)” ?
Alqualondessë in Alqualondë
Genitive case (“of”, sometimes “from”; indicates origin)
the commands of Manwë
Possessive case (“of”, belonging to)
The boundary between Possessive and Genitive is not always clear.
Locative case (“in”, “on”)
Ablative case (“from”, “out of”)
Allative case (“to”, “into”, “toward”)
Instrumental case (“because of”, “using”; indicates the reason or agent which causes)
Ael's grammer classes called this one “argumentative” case.
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Which noun in the sentence takes the case?
Alqualondessë in Alqualondë
Manweo of Manwë
Ael call those “adjectival nouns”.
Lihan call that “object of the preposition”.
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Yes, Quenya does have prepositions. Sometimes there is more than one way to form a sentence. You would use either a case or a preposition, not both.
It is somewhat like the situation in English, where you could say:
"Bring me the book." (indirect object)
or
"Bring the book to me." (preposition)
Both sentences mean the same thing. They use different grammatical forms.
Prepositions are used exactly the same as in English. We don't need to spend a lot of time on them.
prepositions
after (in time), in front of (in location) apa, epë
before (in time) nó
behind (in location) ca
together with as
without ú (use genitive noun) (or prefix au-, ava-)
betweeen imbë
outside, beside (in location) ara
in, within mi
to, toward ana
across, on both sides, over, beyond arta
beyond pella
under no
above, over or
on behalf of rá (use a dative noun)
like, as vë
conjunctions
and ar
except enga
on the contrary anat
and yet ananta
because an
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Because Quenya uses case endings so much, word order (which is very important in English) is much less important in Quenya.
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Sometimes the Quenya cases make distinctions that are blurred in English.
“the books of Dickens” that he wrote —> origin, genitive
“the books of Dickens” sitting on his bookshelf
- > possessive
“Manwë's orders” (given by him) —> origin, genitive
“Eonwë's orders” (given to him) —> possessive
“a song from Alqualondë" —> origin, genitive
"We sailed from Alqualondë" —> travel from, ablative
"This is a song in Alqualondë."
if you mean:
This is a song from Alqualondë.—> origin, genitive
The song is physically located in Alqualondë.
—> locative
In Alqualondë this is a song, whereas elsewhere it is just loud noise. —> locative
Sometimes the line between cases is not sharp, and more than one “case” might work.
"I hit it with a hammer." —> instrumental
"That dent was made by a hit from a hammer" —> That could be genitive (originating from a hammer) or instrumental (caused by a hammer).
Just like in English, sometimes there is more than one “correct” way to express an idea.
> Lesson 14
> Lesson 14
